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2 ;. ] C" 8 =;" =, 5' = ' e- 5" = N!....G 'a g =- g: ;1. g, ' '< i ::r, C.. 3 :... =" to' G r6 8 e:. G 'a G G 8 e- e- ' = S ::r G e- G. a ;:f; g 8: ;,'!;'[rf8 8 g ' g, a: '. ].. >.,:-,COtO =...o.,.< """_."""Go,,,C'n::r=G=""._"" - a.,.. 5' Go. = C" ;. C" e- ' "' = g co = G G 5.c n G. = '.,. ;' C" = '-'. G g-...'< == g. e:. 'G" go e: = ::: to 'g. ::r '.,. """""O"' = g :.'v"'o'<"'o.==e: ' G <:" 5. f6. 5' e-..."'c"". 8. s' ' g G :;;...=Go. G G. i "co 8 z z > >. C" p:, l a.!a F g. e. g; ' 5" e- p &' - ; [!. [ c:: f6 8 i..g G e:. 1" g g' e: = g. 'f;;;;;; ;1 ;! & e. g'! [[ a f6 s'. [ p; g ;- = ' o:g.,:: ;1 s. g Q ' 8 g. 8. g. ' 5" ;;' 8. S /Q g ::r ; l g g : :5: " ';:: g g ;'!<'. ' ; :. e- 8 g' ' 9 = e:. g 8. 'a G 8 C" 8 g g (p ;!!:; 8. g;'!<' s. 8 """< -'-:<QOo'-'.P; o"'=,<=nqoo...=...o,"""i::;'og"',-",<.,.=.. z, E <' g,..., s: e-..., g, = C'. F" < G 3!n']..., ' G 5. '.. -3,.g "' G '< 2 f6 = "' &'.; ",'. "' 8. ;! J!,!:; go.. & g.,p. & : i fj, : :; go. [ 8. " G!" G '.,. -, U\ e:. -,...r6 \ J 5"... g. G -,.,. = -e..,.. ' =.G.,. = '-'. = C'. G G.c...G o..,....'... = 'J -'G" G G '<., e- = ;:- V" "' = C" g 'it ':-"' < ;;: <. G N' = =;" g 8 = 'g. G g g: g ' i 8 e: G g. = e:. g. G g Q '.:; "' g 5..U\ e:. G '< =- a. ;! E.. C" :.< e-. n...g., = ' <: "Ij.,. - '< a G G...G ::r G e!. ;;;". G 8 (\Q. e- s: s' G &. &' e-. :f' s: z,. go ' 8.w S' G. 8. ';; 2 -:<. "" ::rn::r""""ge-o...g Go.",...n """=o. ; ro N. e- = G...' ::r :::: &...' b' ' S' G!"..? g. to """n."'. =G, G "'' """=-..,(DV""" 1:! ; "f!. g 5' ;1 9.,..;; ] g, ;'.g [ "" to g, n 'a = - G 1:32". = G a e-= go.,.g ",'< g.- to G = ;; 5. G. e- ::r 8 ' ::. >< 5 ::r.8 = == z ::I = 8 e; n G.,. U\ e:.. = \. ;' n = C', :3. G :;-' G -= e: = co., 8. n e- 'g. 5 f6 ':-"' 8 ::r U\ = ::C, G g: ' G e:. <. n \ = ;;; C"- '< f6 G G =.,. ' = '-' 8.,..,. a G. W. G S' ; '< g = e:. e:.!j G go S' g.w 5 =. so.g g:,9:;g-'oe:5" f6 e s' & g i e- f6 'i g:. 1i ; 5 o:g..g g: 'C = '..., -< <:" g. G 8 f6 3 8 "" E::, 'G" 8 g '< og G.,."'...,_=",E'O G o.""o.,- G"" G<G"'G -o =. =. = \. G ","" ' 'G" g ",' 2. ' q g. g n g ' \...., C"- to < e- G G <. = p; =.,...,. e- e- QO '... a.. Q....(;:: e:. s: ' ' g. r6 g.(;:: fj,.c 8 :::. 8 O :!1 G,. -. -;1> '1S G, OQ :3 p; 5. ti1 G S '< g g' Nesting Success.. 5' g C'. g' g ' g '.,. : -6. S' g 8 e:. [ S' -<!n' p;., -6 I\.) <.) U1 > -./ ) < G 8 8 G..,.,?'...n ;;' ] g' C'. N g = G n e- 8. f6 = o "'G '<6'== *,..!.. = < -< C" n.,. ;: ' ::r no :::::.,.. G _.' =;" e N ;J-.O ' o. G = e: C', c n g > C', 8 g apj G' =. o:g. F g ng=="""8" G. e- G ","'.=. ' G g. -< ="". s a 8. g ; S:, g'. g.. -:: s= -:< O:. & O'e-"'G.g8.= =!n''o G. "'.!! 5" \ ' e< So. G ;. -G < _.'-' o. G < QO "" a :: G ::c G G,.c 5"...; G?' 5".,. QO = =" -6.;;' G=G"'O='O "'O...O'.,. """'5' :: """n ;J.=o.a ",O'I::;.G"" n...,"","""=- G G G -, '< a'.g o ::r Go.., G \ to 'T1.= o. G """", T'I" o. e?'o=,e-= -g -'ti m..oq.c ] e- S' r6... e:. ' 'C (1\. e- go...g g.. e-...w ', a : - G<",o."", "" """.» n -. ' QO.,..,- e- ;: '< = ''...;:.- """... """'... (D - s e- 'a E' G. n :: a. :!1 AI.g, g G g 'a-, 5 ; 1i :;, x gg go.,.g!n'w'o?1:",» ).. "' f6n3,.. G,. oe-..eo..., -G n " 8'=" ::- ==g 'Oo!'1' =;"'O::::[ "' g. =;,, e-""= apj'oo= =,. G e- =' 8 an-' t: =.=GG< G<O=G"" <g c ' s: 8 8 n =, =.,. G E:.:. 5" ' s go g. G e:. 5"gG=C"."" <!" ;J. ::r < '< C'."'=5. = "'. QO ] ' G C' o ' ' "' G...' G..., =. = '< e-.=' - 8 = -,!'1' S ::r = g: 2 :: a ct: g ]. G g =, '-'. = = g. e-.,- "' 5" n ' g _.G. g ::r co S' r- ' i' ' "' G -:< -:< s 5". 8, 2..,. G :!1.., S", 'g... ] = :;:;, e- =, - '-"""""".,.,.,.,< =' -..J

3 ::r"""'1: """'e'o = N C' (1> 1 (1>"". =:'--3\""" \:;. (1> I 9 (1> "'(1> n. 1:: -. u Fragmentation Effect' t;. g.. :="::r \ (1>"".. (1>,«1>. """'O"'n.Q.. > "..' (1>. t; i "". S' Q (1> I(1> 8. Q.. " (1>..Low N HIgh...9: a 2. n.. g. a :I: r;;. E. Q... tn. '* Q.. ;J r" Persistence of Change.; (1>,-., oa 6 g g e g ri! Q.. 'it g 'E.q".". - g > (1>. ';+' E. o (1>. Q.. Q.. :r e. "'-g,(1> 8 ::OQ..I:- g.o' ;' Q 8. ' ;;; g n \ g. a g ;.... g. (1> s.i:. '«1>Q..a.::J ",. (1>(1> nn 'O. = r6 :: go : 'it g. W.g 3. Q.. 8.:t'g s.. Q'it :.;3g g(1>oo r;; :. 5o 3 b Q Q.. Q (1>.(1> Q...(1>"'!:t 'it g 2: (1> g. '-' -.., Si g,.. Q.. = -. Q.. I =,-., g == (1> (1>"" n. I:.g e-oq C". (') ::r n ",,< I 9 (1> <'it'it.(1>1 Q.. I: Q.. I::. 9.. = Q go 8. D.o:='. ' g. a- 5. S. E 9. > _I"""... 6 'it (1> S. "'(1>"'.(1> 9. g. Q.. g " o..u "'. o'q. c e. ::r...q..", (1> a =' &" to < <. '< =...('),., -:< I:: a- o. e. "C """ (1>- =.=..(1>n ='. Q.. (1> g. S'..,-.,(1> g. t; r;; g (1> " =' g, a, '< C"J " Q.. 5' g.. e: [ = '<' I: 8", Q..o..::rn (1> g 8. 'g 2. 9.g E Q.. 1:.!:1; "C e- g i. e=. C'C"" n(1>(1> <I: (1> C'< " - \O""'=:;. oo. Q.. go - (1> O '< 2. (1>... C' (1> I: (1> Q... " " 'C j g: 9 n g g. S' > 8. C' g 8. [9 fi:i >9,-.,g Q..o"'o.._g'<""< tt1 f% """".;;;-' :t=(1>g(;'g.ng.,:;."o "!.. s:...-n Q... (1>. (b ;!: = "...I: o. (1> """.. I: n(1>. I: o. nn =' =' OQo 5- a.. "z o : r;;&-e.8 8 N g. \."., (1>. I: 8' " e- =' -= C". "' a (1>\Oo ""'<"'o..8""a"'(p ':::= Q ""'./. \O'On.o = o. Q.. 8. g. Q ':-' (;. a g g.. e- e. "'(1>(1>...,""."'Q..gQ e-:i:...oj g. :..!:1; :t=-< 8. :... go a C' -6 [/l"g=",... g",c'\o< 9S.= 'it (1> 2,<\O(1>,«.(;, g: &;' b B=: = ::r. Q..,-,. g..o\ <" I: I: ' C", c= " Q g ;. 9 5 (;. p g-...q ",... ""C"""'.I:=1(1> s'=' OC, Q,<, Q.. (b<:"'-""".q,,_ OQ::i : :. 'Q \ g. > Q.. " g. 9.g g. g. 'E. g g. g: s' 8. I: g. c s: g. 8. ;: s- ;;. g. 'g.g ;.. ' C g g'j.."., C' -.. e:,-., ::r C' " ::I g. yo C'.. 9" s. :; e: g. Q.E. g. '$. g CD :....n &- C' :t= tn n =: :. t!j, a. go' : 'l 8. '.g ] ; Z o Q. 1 fa: 8 "ii ::r -,... "..."., C' OJ n ::r ".. ::r < '.. Q.. I: '.. po 8' 1" "g.. g, 'it 9 Q g... C' (;. g a s. e- :: n a, 9 (1>. 'it --3 S.. 'Q."., 8. r;; g. 8 = g 1 Q.. I:.. ;;;. 9 S. 5 g 'E. E. g. S. 8. [ g. g r6 :; 9 g. Q.. g 8. g. g. g g. ':-' ' &. g, [ & g f(;. ] g. g 8 ; ]. 8 ] g, 8 g 2, g. s:.. g ( ;. 8. ].?;, [ i. s...cj :.. g' g "... 1:::. 'g ::r g ;;' go C' g, Q...; g. I: r;; S'.. '<. Q.. g oq. 5 'Q s' S =:;. g "g :.!:1; 9 C:.e...go g. tn g 8. :. g, g 8. 8' ::o Q g. D. : :g N ;" [. = g g &- g opj S.. 3! i : s. 8.. [..., g. " g. g' 'g go -...Q.. 8 ':-' 5 ;;; C' S. S' ':-' '< 8. Q.. 8..::..... I!G.. '6' 9 g e: g. g * a Q g- 9 ] [. 8' '@ e- g.... g... g Q.. = =.,. g... g. I:,. - C'...()Q. g. u;. ;;;'. go. g' g, e. 8. s. g..8 O.g '@':: a ':-' : s'..(1> = n ('b 'O. n I: = ::r e: Q.. 'Tj.. d... =: C' oq.. I =: ':J I 8 I: o.. ri! g n. ca g I:... Q.. :' n. 8. Q."., s' i::i' 8... r6 g g = g Q.. 'it Q.. ' a. 'Tj 5 s. [ ; 8 g S' 8 g. e;. 5' g &r 9" g Q.. e: S' 9 '*. (1> Q.. 5 (1> g. =.. Q.. g, I 2 = Q.. e- 5 g So 8..P. ; g :g g W; g. c:.g ::g g [<ia S' (b-q9gq..q..1ff: "'ao"'g:.'oo YO-8 Q j g Q.. 8 a g' w ; g.. g. ; f1<. s' g,.:i ::r u = n g.,. Q.. n 8. Q.. C' C" < <: - g a...<: r;} g. [ ' g.. s' '8 8. ' S' Q. g,. s. os Q.. [ i =: 8 g, g g : g. S' S' g yo S' "'. g. go =: so ::r.-n. l: e "" 9 """'g.. -",r;;o... o g g.g :- Q.. 8 a. s= ",n "' Q.. - ""' I:O '::""..... n a '.n-'. "'nnl:s -U = Q.."'<: "'. n. 9 O o - : os Q.. 1" Q go g. " I::. g g g..g I.g g En' g g.. S- a. g p 1"!1' g. Q.. ' 'go-. ('b 'it :... Q.. 5. g.. g ] i : "' I \i' CD Q.. -I:. JD ] :E ; w g n ' [ [ '$ [ " ; r- = on",.....<:n"'- ""... 9 "' <. "'n", tn. - 9 Q.. o. Q.. g [. i?;]. [ ' [ 8 If 8. g g. a C"j.

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8 Avian Ecology and Conservation: A Pennsylvania Focus with National Implications EDITED BY SHYAMAL K. MAJUMDAR, Ph.D. Kreider Professor Emeritus of Biology Lafayette College Easton, PA 1842 TERRY L. MASTER, Ph.D. Professor of Biology East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania East Stroudsburg, PA 1831 MARGARET C. BRITfINGHAM, Ph.D. Professor of Wildlife Resources Penn State University ( University Park, PA 1682 ROBERT M. ROSS, Ph.D. Research Ecologist Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory United States Geological Survey (retired) Wellsboro, PA 1691 ROBERT S. MULVIHILL, M.S. Field Ornithologist Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Powdermil1 Avian Research Center Rector, PA JANE E. HUFFMAN, Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania East Stroudsburg, PA 1831 A Publication of The Pennsylvania Academy of Science