К :65.29 К 47

Препис

1

2 - -.,

3 К 658 К :65.29 К 47 :,, -..,, - ( )....., /. -.,..... : -. -, 2014., 300.,, -, - -..,.. - «( )» ( 2014.), -, -,,,.,,,,,, , 2.4, 3.1, /. ISBN ,, , 2014

4 И ( ), - ( -2014) ( - ) - (, - ) - ( ), - ( -2014). ( ).,,.,,,...,

5 .,,.,..,,,,,,., :.. ( 4.1),.. (, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, ),.. ( 2.2),.. ( 1.3),.. ( 2.1),.. ( 2.2),.. ( 2.3, 2.4),.. ( 1.1),.. ( 4.3),.. ( 2.3),.. ( 4.2),.. ( 2.4),.. ( 4.1),.. ( 4.2),.. ( 3.2),.. ( 2.1),.. ( 2.3, 3.2),.. ( 1.3),.. ( 4.2),.. ( 1.2),.. ( 1.1). 4

6 - Zvi Hacohen. -,...,. -, -,...,. «-..»,.,,.,. - -,,. -, -..,. -,,,, ( ). -,...,,. -,,. 5

7 -, «- -»,,.,,. ё -,,,. - «,. -» ( «-.-»),,,. I,,. I,,., -,.,,,. -,,. 6

8 Соде ж ние еде е..3 Гла а 1. А ал кла те о о под ода эко о ке п о ы ле о т А л кл те о о под од к о оде т у екто о л о о о о те Методоло е к е п п т те е ко о уп ле о о кл те Кл те о о е т о пол т к т ко о е ко о п о т т е о о о. 37 Гла а 2. Ра т е ы окоте оло ы екто о эко о к кла те о е е о е е ое о то е п о ле де т к окоте оло о о екто ко о к Модел о е т окоте оло е к о о кл те о Модел о е к у к о о п о ле о о кл те А л от ле о т укту д к т кл те п о о т ое кт ете у Гла а 3. И ледо а е те о а ы п о ы ле ы т укту те о е п о ле е т укту о ко ко о ке Уп ле е о о поте ло те о о п о ле о т укту Гла а 4. О е ка у о я о тоя я д а к а т я от а ле кла те о Ф кто о о о о т оп о ле о о ко плек о

9 4.2 Эко о е к е пект т те оло тепло к у ло е о к од од етод оп еделе ект о т е т о п оекто о о о п ле о т кл е е Кл е е ло еде о то

10 Analysis of the cluster approach to the organization of interaction of subjects of national innovation system,,,.,. The analysis of the cluster approach, which resulted in the conclusion that the cluster is a form of modern organization of innovative activities that ensure the most effective coordination of all actors in the NIS to achieve innovation. The authors proved that the clusters are in a class of self-organizing systems or synergetic methodology and management should be based on the methodology of synergy. -,, -..,,, 9

11 ...,,.,. «( ) -,,,,,»...,,.,,,,, : «,,, , -400, -500,,,... 10

12 ,..»[1]. ( ).., ,

13 . -, ,,,.., :, - ;.,.....,.[2]..,,, (, ). 12

14 , [3]., ( ),,,.,,,..., " ". " ". " " ("variation") " " ("selection"),.,,, [4].. ( - ) ( )... 13

15 ...,, ( ),. -,, (,, ),., " ":,. -, - [4].,,,,,.,.., -.,,, 14

16 ,. ( ),.,.,,,, :.. -.,..,.,,. -, - [4].,, 15

17 .,,,,. ( ). ( )., «-», [6].,.,.,,,,,,.,,,,,.,., (, ),,,,. 16

18 ,,,... : «,,,.,.,, -, ( ),, [6].,,,,.,,.,.., 17

19 ,..., :,,,,,,,,,, [5].... : «.,,,,,,, -,,.,,,» [6].,.,, 18

20 ., ( - ).,,,..,,,,.,,,,,,....,,..., - (. 1.1).. 1.1,.,,, 19

21 ,,,,, :..,..,.. - [ ] : 1.,.,.. ( ).,,,., :,,,. 2.,,,, 20

22 .,,., : ( );, (,, );. [6].,,.,,,,,,. :.,. [7, 8, 9, 10] 21

23 ,.,,.,., - (,..), -,,.,, - ( ) [9].,. ( ) ( ) ( ).,.,., 22

24 ,..,,,.,,,,,.., [11].,,,,,.,,, (. 1.1)., [9]....., «,,»[7]. 23

25 - ( ) ( ) ( ) - ( ): ) ) :..,..,.. :..: -, , ( ),, 24

26 . ( ) [9].., :, [10].,. -.,.,,.,,.,.,, (, ),.,,,,..,,,., ( )., -., 25

27 .,,,.... ( ) [6] URL: ( ) URL: ( ) 3. -,,,.. 4..,.. // //, ,..,.. - [ ] ,...,,..:, [ ] : ,..,.. -..: -, [ ] [ ] : -, ,.. - // -

28 Methodological principles of strategic management innovation clusters.. he article describes the author's interpretation of the methodological principles of the concept of strategic management of innovation clusters A hypothesis about the possibility of the use of motivational theory to the management of innovation clusters..,.. :., 27

29 .,, -,, -,. [1,.3].,,,..,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,..,.. [2];. -,. 28

30 ,, ( ) ( ).... [2, c ] ( ),,, :,. 3.,, -. 4.,,,. 5., ( ), ( )

31 ,,.,,,., [3]...,.., -,,,. /, :,,, -,,,. [3, 11,12 ],,,,.,...., 30

32 .,.,, :.,,.,,,,,. :,.,,,., - 31

33 .,, (, ) (, ), ,, - -,,,.,, -,,.,..., -. - ( ),. 32

34 ,,. ( - ) -,,.,,.,.,..,, -.,,,. [9],.,....,,... [4] 33

35 ,, ;,..,,. [6-8].. [1].., ( ).,..,,. и е ия а и и а и а е а. ( )., 34

36 ,.,..,,,.,.,,,.., :..:, ,.. // //.. 3 (16) 2011,

37 ..:, /....,....:, // ,.. // (53) // :./. -.,..., -., :..: -. -, 2007: : /.:, // ,.. - // ,..,.. // (151) ,.. / -,, 2014, 3 (197): ,.. // (84)

38 Klastero-oriyentirovannaya policy of development of economic space of regions of Russia,,.,. In the section the essence and features of development of cluster policy is opened, the komparativny analysis of methods of identification of clusters in foreign practice is carried out, groups of potential clusters of Russia are allocated. The methodical approach to group of regions on the level and nature of investment development allowing to offer effective tools of elimination of reproduction disproportions is approved. -, :, - ; / «- - -» 37

39 , ; ,,. -..,, - -,,,,.,,,., [9,.72] -. 38

40 -,,.,.,, [2, 7, 10-13].,,.,,, ё,, (,, -,..).,,,, [2,.99]. -, -, -., 39

41 -.,, [3,.94]. -,,,,,., ( ) [1,.56],.,,.,. - : - ; - -, ;,., 40

42 ,.,,. -.,,.,..,,,,,...,,,,,,,.. 41

43 : - -, ; - -, ; - - ; - -, ; - - -,,.,,,,,,,,,. (.1.2),. 1.2,, : 42 - ; - ; - ; - ( -, ); -. -

44 ,,, ; - ; - ; -. - ; ( 3); ; - «-»; > 1,25 - ; -,,. - «-» 214 ; ; 43

45 -., -, - ;, -. ( ) - ; -.,,. :, ; ;,.,, 50%,. (, ) (, ) ,,., 44

46 ( )., -, ( ) , -., - 80% -,.,. 45

47 ,,,,,,, [7,.93].,...,. -,. (9 ), (7), (7) (5) [5]., - 20%,

48 (cluster-mapping) :., : 1.5 [4,.51] \ 1 57, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,30332 (,, ) (,,,, 47

49 ).,,. ( ),,,,., : ( - ),,, IT-,,. 350, ( 1.6): 1.6 [6] :,,,,,, :,, 48 :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,

50 ,, -,,,,,,,,,, -,,,. 11,,.,.,,, 49

51 [8,.33].,. : - (, ) ; -,, ; -.,.,,,, (,, ( ),,,,, ).. 6 ( ). 50

52 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 0, , , , , , , , , , , , ,25938,.., % 1 2, , ,98 2 1, , ,60 3 1, , ,56 1 1, , ,35 2 1, , ,58 3 1, , ,46 1 0, , ,57 2 0, , ,5 3 0, , ,2 51

53 0, , ,20864,,.,,, ;,,,,, -.,.,.,. 52

54 ,17 0,20 0,20 0,24 0,29 0,35 0,33 0,24 0,24 0,26 0,13 0,15 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,20 0,20 0,21 0,29 0,27 0,18 0,17 0,17 0,20 0,20 0,26 0,26 0,28 0,23 0,23 0,19 0,20 0,19 0,21 0,23 0,29 0,33 0,31 0,40 0,34 0,12 0,15 0,22 0,27 0,27 0,23 0,30 0,37 0,31 0,24 0,20 0,19 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,31 0,44 0,39 0,40 0,30 0,24 0,20 0,33 0,32 0,22 0,21 0,21 0,14 0,16 0,14 0,23 0,18 0,20 0,21 0,22 0,26 0,28 0,25 0,24 0,25 0,16 0,18 0,19 0,21 0,25 0,31 0,34 0,37 0,40 0,41 0,23 0,26 0,29 0,26 0,25 0,31 0,29 0,25 0,22 0,17 0,14 0,14 0,17 0,18 0,20 0,31 0,28 0,22 0,20 0,27 0,15 0,16 0,26 0,28 0,25 0,28 0,35 0,25 0,23 0,25 0,23 0,23 0,20 0,22 0,20 0,26 0,31 0,28 0,33 0,33 0,14 0,18 0,20 0,23 0,25 0,29 0,35 0,36 0,39 0,36 0,26 0,32 0,34 0,25 0,19 0,23 0,26 0,35 0,38 0,33 0,15 0,19 0,16 0,18 0,17 0,21 0,24 0,29 0,30 0,27 0,18 0,19 0,24 0,32 0,24 0,24 0,26 0,27 0,31 0,25,,

55 0,45 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,

56 % (.. 1.2), 28,5% (.. 1.3), 27% (.. 1.4).,,. -,. 55

57 ,7 0,3 0,7 4,3 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,4 1,2 0,6 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,4 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,1 1,7 0,4 0,5 2,7 2,3 1,6 0,1 0,3 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,3 3,2 0,7 1,1 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,1 1,8 0,9 0,2 0,8 1,0 0,5 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,1.,,, -. 56

58 .,,,, (,, ), (,,.) -,,.,,,,,.,, 57

59 ,,.,,, : [ ] /..,..,..// : [ ] /..,..,..,..// (21).. 98a [ ] /..,..,..// (27) : «, » [ ] /..,..,..,..,..,.. // : ( 5..? [ ] /.,. // ( ) ( [ ] /.. // «:. ( )» (

60 [ ] /..,..,..// -. : [ ] /..// (43) Cluster Management Guide Guidelines for the Development and Management of Cluster Initiatives [ ] // CLOE: Clusters linked over Europe p. ( ,.. - // ,.. / -,, 2014, 3 (197): ,.. // (81) ,.. // (84)

61 The genesis and current state of high-technology economy sector identification problem... The article deals with retrospective analysis of generation of approaches to high- technology sector identification; advantages and disadvantages of high-technology sector identification methods are shown. On the basis of global experience perspectives and possibilities of application of approaches to high-technology economy sector identification are defined,,,., 60

62 ,..,.. [1,2],.. [3],.. [4],.. [5], Hatzichronoglou. [6], ( ),,...,.,.. 61

63 , -. «,,,,» [7]., : 1. ( (R&D),..); 2. (,..) [5].. (B.Godin).,, [3].. (W.Maclaurin),, (,, ) 13. : ; ; ,, - 62

64 .,, ( ),, : -,,, ; - ; -..., , (Standart Industrial Classification) ( ), 6 ( International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC Rev.2)) ,... 63

65 (R&D); - ; : -, -, -. 64

66 ; - R&D ; - 4 : 1., ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., : - ( 3%); - ( 1 3%); - ( 1%) - 65

67 R&D. : - R&D ; - R&D ; - R&D,, R&D -., 4 : - ( 5%); ( 3 5%); ( 0,9 3%) - ( 0 0,9%) : - ( 5%); ( 3 5%); ( 1 3%) - ( 1%)

68 R&D ; -. : - ; - ; - - ;. : [3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. 67

69 1994. [8], 4 : - ( 5%); - - ( 3 5%); - - ( 0,9 3%) - ( 0 0,9%).,, : - (R&D) ; - R&D ; - R&D,, [3] :,,, -, [9] (ISIC Rev.4)., 2009., (. )., ( ),.,, 68

70 ( ) [13] : - ; - ; -. :,, ( ), ( ), [14],.,..,, [3] [11] «:» [15],., 1991.,,.. 69

71 : - ; - ; -. ( ),, ( ), ( ), - 70

72 3.., ,,,, -, , ,,.., ( 3,5%) SITC Rev.3 9 SITC Rev.4 : [3, 15, 16, 17, 18]. 71

73 1994. (Standard International Trade Classification (SITC - Rev.3))... [16], 126 SITC Rev (,,,,,., ( 3,5%),., :,.. [3] , 9, 250, SITC Rev , [17]., : - -,, ; - 72

74 . - :,,,...,,, (. 2.3). 2.3 / 1 ( ) 2,. ( NACE Rev.1.1 NACE Rev

75 3 4 R&D ),, :. SITC Rev.3, SITC Rev.4 ( 8 International patent classification (IPC) ( ). ( ) ( ),. ( ),,. NACE (Classification of Economic Activities in European Community). 74

76 2009. NACE Rev.1.1 : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4),, ; 5), [9]. NACE Rev.1.1. NACE Rev NACE Rev.2: 1) ; 2), ; 3), [12].,...,., ( ) : -,..,,. - ( ),..,., ( ),, :..,..,.., 75

77 ..,..,..,., -.,, NACE Rev. 1.1,..., NACE Rev ,.,, -. ( ) (. 2.3). ( R&D ). (SITC),. 76

78 2009. SITC Rev.3. C SITC Rev. 4,, SITC Rev.4.,,,,,. [18].,,.,.. [6] : -, ; -,., [19]. 77

79 ,,, [20], : -,, ; -.,,,,,, , ( 8 International patent classification (IPC)), : ; ; ; ; ; ;., ё,. 78

80 ( ),. :, [21]., : - ; - ; - - ; - - ; - ; -.,. (.. ).,, [22]., : -,, 79

81 . : - ; - (,, ); - (,,,, ); - - (, ё ё, ё,,, ё,, ); - ; - (, ) [22]. -,.. ( ),, [23]., 80

82 ,,., (,, ) (. 2.4). 2.4 / ( )

83 : ,,,,,. 1.,.. :,,..:, ,.. ё :,,, /.. // i,.. i i : i i i i i: i /.. i ;, I -..., ,.. : - /.. [ ]. : /.....: «I i», Hatzichronoglou,. Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification /. Hatzichronoglou. Paris p. ( OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 1997/2) 7. Frascati Manual. Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development. Paris: OECD, P Industrial Policy in OECD Countries: Annual Review. Paris: OECD,

84 P OECD handbook on economic globalization indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing, p. 10. Loschky, A Reviewing the nomenclature for high-technology the sectoral approach / A. Loschky. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, P Aho C. Michael. Trends in Technology-Intensive Trade / C.M. Aho, H.F. Rosen. Washington: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, p. 12. Aggregations of manufacturing based on NACE Rev 1.1, Aggregations of manufacturing based on NACE Rev. 2 : : Boretsky, M. Concerns About the Present American Position in International Trade / M. Boretsky // Technology and International Trade. Washington: National Academy Of Sciences P Kelly, R. The Impact of Technological Innovation on International Trade Patterns / R.Kelly Washington : U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research P La mesure de la haute technologie: metodes existantes et ameliorations possibles. Paris: OECD, Gehrke, B. Innovationspotential und Hochtechnologie Technologische Position Deutschlands im internationalen Wettbewerb / B.Gehrke, H.Grupp. Hannover: Physica, p. 17. What is high-tech trade? Definition based on the SITC nomenclature. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, p. 18. High-technology aggregations based on SITC Rev.3, on SITC Rev. 4. : : : N 574 ( ) [ ] /.... -, : : : /. [ ]. : :

85 є, : : ,,., , 677 [ ] /.... -, : : ,.. // : - /.. [ ]. : ,.. - // (84) The modeling of the development of high-tech innovation clusters ,.,.. We present a theoretical model of the development of innovative high-tech cluster, which is regarded as a "living ecosystem." A system of equations describing a cluster in terms of "concentration". The results of numerical modeling of such systems are described. Keywords: high-tech innovation cluster, mathematical modeling,

86 "ekopodobny" cluster..,,,,, , ,, - [18,19]., -,,.,,,,.,, (. [1]),. [2],, (, )., (,,, 85

87 , ).,,., TFP (Total Factor Productivity ), ( [3]).,,.,, -.,,, [4]. -,,,,,.,, -.,.,,,.. ( ). 86

88 ,,., -, (, ),,,,,,.,, ( ) (!) ( ),,.,,,,,..,.. : (. [5-7]),.,, 87

89 ,, [7]..,.,,.,..,.,..,. -,.,,..,, (. [9,10]).,,,..,,,,,. 88

90 [11],,,,., -, 2 :,, R ()3 t, 1 n ( t) t, ( ) 1 Δ() t t., :,,..,,,. [12], 1 2 ( ) d V R : V = AR. 89

91 , 26%.,., n : V n = (n) 1/3 (V 1 + V 2 +V V n ) = (n) 1/3 n V 0, V 0., : V 1+2 = (1 + k 2 ) / (1 + k 3 ) 2/3 (V 1 +V 2 ), k = V 2 / V 1, V 1, V 2 -.,,, 3.,,,,..,,,.. «3.,,,.,,,,. 90

92 »., -, ( ).,,.. -., -,,,,,,.,,,,,,,..,.,, «,».., [13].,., [13], 91

93 . 1..,,,,., :.,.,,. -,,,,.,.,,.,,..,..,,,, -, -, -.,,. 92

94 .., -,.,.,,,,,.,,,...,. -., : 180., 2009 $144, , , 93

95 ,.,,, :,,.,,.,... ( ).,. 2., -,. -, [14]. 94

96 ,.,,..,,,.,, «5»:,,,, ( )., :...,,., - α k,, (, )., α k,. 95

97 ,,,., [16].,,...,, X α k(t),.. -,, X α k(t), α k, X γ n(t).,,, X α k(t),,...,,, X α k(t),,.,.,, : 1 ; 2 96

98 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( ) ( ); 8 (,,,.); 9 ; i, ( ).,, : dx 1 = K i i dt X i k dx 10 = K10( 1 b10x10 ) X10X1 + d10i X i dt dx dt k = K k min min min min ( b X ) X + d X ( X X )( X X ) Θ( X X ) Θ( X ) i 1,10 ( 1 bk X k ) X k + dkixi X 6 = f ( t) i k : ( 6 > 0), ( ), , - Θ(X) = {0 X < 0 1 X > 0}. 10 (t), 1, 2 ( ),,., 97 3

99 ,.,,, ( 6 )., :,.,, i.,.,, 2 3, ( 1 ),... K i X i. b i,...,.., 98

100 ., ( ) 10,,, ( ),. d ki -,, ( ) ( ).,..., ( [14]). d ki,. -..,, ( ),,,..,,,.,

101 .., :,..,.,... i α, α, i - ( α) ( i).. : Θ ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 1 α α α α α α α α α min α α min α α min = K1 1 b1 X1 X1 + d1i X i X 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 Θ X 2 X 2 dt i 1 α α min αδ δ αδ δ α ( X 3 X 3 ) + + g1 X1 + f1i X i X1 dx α dx 10 α = K10 dt 1 dx dt α k δ α i 1, α δ α α α α α α αδ δ ( b10x10 ) X10X1 + d10i X i + g10 X10 + i 1,10 δ α αδ f10i i 10, α δ α α α α α αδ δ αδ δ α ( 1 bk X k ) X k + dki X i + gk X k + fki X i X k, k = = α K k i k δ α i k, α δ -,. : α,. X δ i X α

102 ,.,,, f αβ ki.,,,,.,.. (. [16]),, (. [17]) «:», -,. 101

103 , -, ,..,.. «,.» -,., -, «:»., N 1 (49), ,,..:...:, :, QWERTY-, /.. // QWERTY / Paul David. Clio and the Economics of QWERTY..: :. :. -, C , : //.. : 3..:, //.1: //.. : 3..:, //.3: ,..,..,.. «-» ( ) «.»,, 07, 2008, ,., //.., 2010,

104 15..,.., -, Balyakin, A. Domnich, V. Zhulego, A. Ivanova. Study of cluster formation in a model of nanotechnology development // Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 10(2013) P ,..,..,.. :. //, (57), ,..,.. // (151) ,.. / -,, 2014, 3 (197), Valuation models are functioning an industrial cluster,.,,,

105 On the basis of the analysis of formation and development of cluster approach in science and practice the essence, concept and features of clusters as new forms of the spatial organization of production is shown. At quickly increasing quantity of literature on a problem of clusters, apparent defect of the works devoted to an assessment of efficiency of their functioning that defined relevance of this article is observed. Authors proved evaluation stages of efficiency of functioning of a cluster and an order of formation of an integrated indicator. The conducted researches and practical approbation on the example of a cluster of shipbuilding of St. Petersburg confirmed applicability of the offered approach on implementation of identification of a cluster and an assessment of its innovative potential., [1-4],, ( ) [5-6].,. Malmberg, Solvell, & Zander, 1996 :,,,. [7-13] (.2.5). 104

106 2.5.,. +,,, +,,, - ' ',, (,, ).. [14,17],,.,.,,., XIX... [Von Thunen, 1826; Launchardt, 1882; Weber, 1909]., 105

107 [Bathelt, 1998; Ketels, 2003; Krugman, 1991; Scott & Storper, 1992; Audretsch, 1998],. [A. Marshall, 1890],.,,,. (The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 1990),, (On Competition, 1998).,,,.., [. Clara, 2000; Regional clusters, 2002; Martin, Sunley, 2003].,,,,, ;, -.,,. ( 106

108 ), ( ),.,..,,,, -,.,.,,, (, ),.,.. : ( ) [16].,, Delphi-, -...,, 107

109 ., (.2.5.): - ; - ; - ( ); - ( ); - (. Bergman E.M., Feser E.J. Industrial and regional clusters ) ( ) - - ( -,, )

110 -, -, (, ) - ( ) ( ),,.,,,,,.,, ( ). 109

111 ,,. -,., :,,., : -,, ; - ( ) [6,7,14]; - [18-20.]; -.,, : Cj = К ij i К - ij i j, Cj - j. - [2, 4].,, (.2.7). 110

112 К а е ая а э и и ыш е и 2.7. [17] LQ ; Empig i g; Empg g; Empi i; Emp Size (S) i; Empig i g; Empi i Focus (F) i; Empig i g; Empg g i g g i (LQ) 15 (S) 0,59 (F) 0, ( )., 111

113 : R = n (n 1) / 2, n R = n (n 1) / 2 = 43*(43-1) / 2 = : N=n[(2n-1 +(n-1)], N ( ), n. N : n-. -,.,. K = (k1,..., ki,..., kn) ARA (ARA: actors ; resources ; activities ).,. [18-20] :,, 112

114 ,.,,, [18]., (Raines, 2003)., ,,.,,.,, - ( ),..,.., [19] - (% ) (% ), 113

115 - - -, ( ) ё ( ё ) ( - - ) ё, %,, -,,, ( ),,, 114

116 К а е ая а э и и ыш е и,,,, %,,, % ( ) - (.2.11), [20] ё ё ё [19, 20]. 115

117 / ,72 0,69 0,65,,,,.,.,.. : ,., 116

118 ,,,, Richardson, H., W., Regional Growth Theory, London: Macmillan, // /.,.-, /.....,....:, ,.. /.. // -,. - 1, : koet.syktsu.ru/ vestnik 4. : /..,..,..,.. ;.... : - - /, Murdal G. Modern problems of third world. Drama of Asia. Translation from English. M.: Publishing house Progress, p. 6. Kireev A. P. International economy. Part I International economy: movement of goods and factors of production. Teaching aid for institute of higher education.- M.: International relationship, 1999, p. 7. Storper M., Walker R. The capitalist imperative. Territory, technology, and industrial growth. N.Y.: Basil Blackwell, p. 8. Enright M J. Why Clusters are the Way to Win the Game? // Word Link, No: 5, July/August, pp Markusen A. Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts // Economic Geography, Vol. 72, Issue 3, July pp C. Freeman. The economics of industrial innovation, Pilipenko I. V. Competitive ability of countries and regions in world economy: theory, experience of small countries in West and North Europe. Smolensk: Oikumena, p. 12. Lundvall, B.-Å., (ed.), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London: Pinter Publishers, Regional clusters in Europe / Observatory of European SMEs 2002 / No :. XII 117

119 , Lindqvist G. Disentangling Clusters: Agglomeration and Proximity Effects. Disser- tation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. Stockholm School of Economics, Babkin A.V., Kudryavtseva T.J. and Utkina S. A. Identification and Analysis of Industrial Cluster Structure, World Applied Sciences Journal 28 (10) 2013: Babkin A.V., Kudryavtseva T.J., Bakhmutskaya A.V. Determining and analysis of economical clusters of St. Petersburg. Life Sci J 2014;11(12s): ] (ISSN: ) Bergman E., Feser E. Industrial and Regional Clusters: Concepts and Comparative Applications. Regional Research Institute. WVU 1999 ( «:» ( cluster.ru/images/upload/metodologia_issledovania.pdf) ,.. // / ,..,.. / ,.. / -,, 2014, 3 (197), ,.. // (84)

120 The analysis of the sectoral structure and dynamics of the cluster Instrumentation St. Petersburg -,.,, - The role of the cluster of instrumentation in the regional economy of St. Petersburg and a list of companies belonging to the cluster. The results of the formation of the cluster structure of instrumentation by economic activity, industry and analyzed the organizational structure of the cluster instrumentation, presents the results of analysis of the dynamics of cluster development and analyzes factors geographical concentration of enterprises cluster in the region of Saint-Petersburg : «,, -,». 119

121 «..» »,, - [7, 8, 9]. 8,,,, ,.,, 30 8% % 26%.,,,..,,, -, 120

122 , 0,3%., : 25%,. 20%.,,,,., : ( :, -,,.),,, (, - ), 121

123 .,,, :, ; ( ), ; ; - ;,, - ;.,, - : ( , ), -,,,,, [4, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]. 84, 122

124 -. :,,,.,.,. [10],.2.13,,., ( )..,.,,,,,.,,, «-», «,,». 123

125 ( ) Laboratory instruments ( ) Optical instruments ( ) Process equipment ( ) Search and navigation equipment ( ) Electronic components ( ) Distribution and wholesaling ( ) Electronic parts ( ) Other parts ( ) Medical equipment ( ) Related process equipment ( ) Related equipment ( ) Computer and software services ( ) Research organizations ( - ) ( ),, -,,, -, 124

126 ,,,,,., ( ),,,,.,,,, :, -, : 2008, ; 125

127 ,, : , -, , % ,92% ,49% ,81% ,06%,., % ,64% ,34% ,80% ,34%, % ,15% ,91% ,34% ,81% ,. -, 126

128 , : :,,, - ;,, ; ( ) «-» (14,91%), (4,94%), (24,36%), «,» (53,35%); ( ) «,,» ( 4,72%), ( 6,38%)., «-», «127

129 »,, «,», «,,»,,,.,, :, - ;, ; ; -,, ;, -, ;,,, ;, 5,, 128

130 ;,,,,.,,, -. (.1),, ;, ; ;

131 : ,, 130

132 ,, - 20 (, ),, :,, (. 2..3, 2.4).,,, «,.,,,, : -., / «, « ( 25, 84, ), « ««-Z» ( 36, ), « ( 66, ),, « ( 2, ), ( 51, ),., ( 15, ),.,,, 131

133 , ( 33, 60, 61. 2,3, 2,5). - -,, , 2.4, 2.5, : 132

134 : : 133

135 : - : - ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,. 134

136 -,,,, -.,, [11, 12, 13, 15], (.6)., - 3 :, -.,,,,. -,.,,.,,

137 ,,. :,, -,, ;,,. :,, ,,, 5%.,,., (. 2.7).,,,,. 136

138 -,,, -,, 100% ,,. 137

139 -,., ( ),, (, ; ); ё.,,, -,,, -,., - ;.,,,, ;., : 138

140 ,,. ё , : :,,,. :,,.,,.. ( ),,,. 139

141 . - -,. 3 - : «,,. 49. : (,,, IT- ); ; ( 2% 15,5%,,, 0%; 14%, ); (,, ; )..,,,, ( ).,, - ;, - 140

142 ;,,,,,, ;,, -, ; -,,. : - -, -, -. -,,,,,,,,,. -,. : ( «..»), «-» ( )., - :, 141

143 -,,,, - :,, ;, ;, -,,., -,,,. -, (. 2.8). 142

144

145 . 2.9., - : 44%; : - 31%; - 13%;, -,, 100%-, 20, ( 80%) -,,, ( ), ;, (34% 13%) ; (19%) ;, ; ; ; 14% / ;,..,,, 144

146 8% 8% 7% 31% / 14% 13% 19% ; ; (8%) ;,,,,, - ;, ; (7%). - : (. 2.16). 145

147 ,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ««-Z»; ; «-»; «; «; «; «; «; «.»; «; ««-»; « - « ; ««-»; ; «; «; «; «« ; ; ; «; «; «; «;, ««; / ; ; «-»; ;,, :

148 ; ; ; -,, ; - ; -,,, ;, -, ; PDH/SDH/WDM/IP, ; ; -., -. :, ; - 147

149 ( ); ; ;, ;,, ;. : ; - ( ) ; ; -. :, - ( ) ; - ;. : ; 148

150 ;, -., -,, -.,. (,, ).,,, 2025 [5] -,,,,,. (.2.17) ,, «, 149

151 «-5»,,,,,. ё,,,,,,,, ё.,,, ( ) 2025 [5].,. (.2.18). 150

152 2.18. «-» « « ««-» « «-» ; ;., (, ) 37,5% 62,5%.,,., :,,, ;, (, ),,. 151

153 , - : :, - ;, - ; :, -,, ;,, ; - -, : ;,, 2025 [5]:,,,.., ; 152

154 , ;, ;, (, ), ; ( ),, ( 50 ); [1].,, -,,,, :,,,, ;. [10] ««153

155 » «- 2020» «,» «2025» 6. ( / 19) «-» ( ) « » « » 10. Porter M.E. The Economic Performance of Regions // Regional Studies. Carfax Publishing, Vol. 37, 6/ ,..,.. : //, 2, : //, (44) //, 4 (11), // (132)

156 15...,.. «:».. : , , URL: ,, zakupki.gov.ru ,..,.. // (151) ,.. - // (84) ,..,.. // (79) ,.. - //

157 3. И The integrated industrial structures in the Russian economy,.,..,,,,. In article within the conducted researches approaches to definition of integration of economic entities are analysed as in the Russian, and foreign scientific literature, in particular such concepts as "corporation", "metacorporation", "the integrated corporate structures", "the integrated economic systems", etc. are considered. The hierarchy of the integrated structures reflecting essence of the concept "the integrated industrial structures" and allowing to define them as difficult economic structure is offered. On this basis author's definition of the integrated industrial structure is presented. The principles of functioning of the integrated industrial structures are 156

158 allocated. Are considered existing typology of the integrated industrial structures, and also the multilevel classification allowing to reveal characteristic features of these integrated educations, to divide them into groups that will allow to analyze efficiency of their activity more fully is offered ( ), XXI, [1].,,.,,., ,6 %, 6,7 %, 2007, : 5,8 %,, 5,4 % [2].,., [2], 157

159 , - 3 % ,,,,...,, - -.,.,,.,,... : ( «integer» ),, [3]. 158

160 [4]., : ( )..,.,,.,.,,,.,,,,,.,,., [5]. ( ),. 159

161 ,,, XX , ( ),. [4-22, ]., :,, -,,,., (corporation) (business network). 3.1,. 3.1, 160,.... [6],.. [7],..,

162 -.. [8],.. [9],.. [10]..... [11],.. [12],.. [13]... [14],.... [15],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., 161

163 162.. [16],.. [17],.. [18]..... [19],.. [17]...,..,.... [20],..,.. [19]... [21],, (, ) ( ),., ( ), ( ),,.. [22] -

164 (corporation) (business network) G. Ahuja & C. M. Lampert [31]; M. Hobday, A. Davie & A. Prencipe [32]; R. Garud, J. Gehman & A. Kumaraswamy [33]; D. Knights & M. Tullberg [34] M. Schilling & C. Phelps [35], R. Cowan, N. Jonard & J. Zimmermann [36], G. Bell [37] Y. T. H. Chiu [38], I. Wilkinson & L. Young [39],,,,, ( ), -.,,,., -.,,,,,. ( ). 163

165 . : ;., ( ),. - ( ) ( ). ( ),,, [23].....,,,,.,,.,,..,.. -,. 164

166 ,,, [24].,,,,,,,,, [3].,, -,.,,,,.,., :,,,, [23].,,,,,, -, 165

167 ..,,,..,,, «,,.,, «-» ( ),», «,.,,,,,.,, :, ( ) (,, - ),,, 166

168 . (,,,.),. -,,.,, ( ).,..,.,,,,,,. : ;, ; ;.,.,,, [25],,, 167

169 ,,., [26]).,.,,,, ( 6). : (. [27]),,.,,,,., :,,. : (. [30]),, (..,..,. ), (.,..,..,. )..,, : (..,..,. ), 168

170 , b (..,.. ).,,, -, [41]; (,, -, ) [48];,.,..,,. : 1),,,,.; 169

171 2),,,,, ; 3),,,, ( N ) : /.., ,.. /..,..,.... : -, ,.. [ ] /..,.. // (22) ,.. [ ] /.. // (2) ,.. [ ] /..,.. // ,.. /....:, ,.. [ ] /..,.. //.... : 170

172 (17) ,.. :..:, ,.. :..:, ,.. [ ] /..,... : ( : ). 12.,.. : [ ] /.. // (18) ,.. [ ] /... : ( ). 14.,.. : :, ,.. - [ ] /..,.. // : /......: -, ,.. : - [ ] /.. // ,.. - : [ ] /.. // ,.. [ ] /..,... : ( : ). 20.,. [ ] /.,.,.,. // : /..... [ ]. : ( ). 22.,.. [ ] /... : 171

173 ( : ) // (185) ,.. [ ] /..,.. // ,.. - [ ] /... : ( : ). 26.,.. :. :, ,.. :.-...:, ,.. [ ] /.. // ,. : [ ] /. // ,.. - [ ] /.. // Ahuja G. Entrepreneurship in the large corporation: a longitudinal study of how established firms create breakthrough inventions / G. Ahuja, C. M. Lampert // Strategic Management Journal Vol. 22. P Hobday M. Systems integration: a core capability of the modern corporation / M. Hobday, A. Davies, A. Prencipe // Industrial and Corporate Change Vol. 14. P Garud R. Complexity Arrangements for Sustained Innovation: Lessons from 3M Corporation / R. Garud, J. Gehman, A. Kumaraswamy // Organization Studies Vol. 32. P Knights D. Managing masculinity/mismanaging the corporation / D. Knights, M. Tullberg // Organization Vol. 19. P Schilling M. Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation / M. Schilling, C. Phelps // Management science Vol. 53. P Cowan R. Bilateral collaboration and the emergence of innovation networks / 172

174 R. Cowan, N. Jonard, J. Zimmermann // Management science Vol. 53. P Bell G. Clusters, networks and firm innovativeness / G. Bell // Strategic Management Journal Vol. 26. P Chiu Y. T. H. How network competence and network location influence innovation performance / Y. T. H. Chiu // Journal of Business and Industrial marketing Vol. 24. P Wilkinson I. On cooperating: Firms, relations and networks / I. Wilkinson, L. Young // Journal of Business Research Vol. 55. P ,.. // (84) // (163) ,.. /.. // (111) ,.. - /.. // ,.. - /.. // (72) , /..,.. // (247) ,.. /..,.. //. : , //

175 Management innovation potential of an integrated of industrial structure. - Features of the integrated industrial structures and their innovative potential are considered. On the basis of it the organizational and economic mechanism of management of innovative capacity of the integrated industrial structure is presented.,. 30%,,,.. [1, 3,6]. :,,, 174

176 ,, [2, 10].,,,.., ё [5,8]., ё. ;,, ё ; [4]. :, ё ; - ё ; ; ; [14]. ё -...,..,, -,, ё 175

177 ,,, - [6]..,,.,, -...,..,.. [8]. -,,,...,,, [10].. -. : ё,. :,,, ё..., - 176

178 :, ё -, [29]..., ё..., 70-85% [19] ,,, ё, [16].,.,,. - ё : [11,12].,, - 177

179 .,.,, -. : -, -, -,,. -,,,, ё. -. ё. 178

180 «potentia»,,,,,.,,, (, ) [16, 21].,,,,...,,,,, -,. [13]: 1.. :,, -,, -,,. 2..,.. 3..,. 179

181 ,,,.,. ё :,,. [7]. ё..,, [15,18]...,,, [22].,,, 180

182 ,,, [20]., -,,,,,,,. -,, [23].,., [9].,. 181

183 ё.,,,,.,,.,.,.,,, [17]. -,,,, -,,

184 ,, -. : 183

185 .,,.,, ё,. - -,..,,,., ё. - - [19] ,, -,, -,,., 184

186 . -,,, -,.,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,.,., [24-26]. : ё,,, ё,,,. 185

187 ,, -,, -,, - :,,, -, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,

188 - ё,, ё,,. : 1. ё -,, -.,. 2. -,,,,, -,, : ( 187

189 ),, -, ( ). 4. ё ,.. // -, 6 (84),, 2013, ,..,.. // -, 4 (151) 2012, -,, ( ) // ,.. ( ) // ,. - // ,..,.. // (101) ,.. - // -

190 (59) // ,..,.. // (114) ,.. // (139) ,.. - // : - /. - -, ё,..,.. - // //,,, // (163) , // ,

191 - -.,, // (114) // // (114) /...,, // (139) // // , // // (139)

192 // ,.. / -,, 2014, 3 (197),

193 The factors of innovative development of agro-industrial complex of Russia,,. In modern conditions the need for economic security and competitive import substitution arises the need for a return of the domestic market of domestic producers and increasing competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex of Russia, which is possible with government support on the innovative development basis. -. « », 192

194 XXI, [1] ( )..,, , [2]., 85 %, 80 %, 95 %, 90 %....., ( ),, -,... -,.,,. 193

195 ( )., ,51 (. 4.1, [3]),.,,,, (. 4.1, [3]). -. Эне гоо е печенно ть, л../100 г Основной Основной Основной Основной Основной Основной Основной Основной Год

196 47,7 %, 42,5,,...,,, 3-4,. 90- [4]. 4.1, ( ) 4, ,1 11,2 11,5 11,2, 9,5 9,5 9,5 9,3, 11,9 12,0 12,4 12,2 14, 14,2 15,2 14,9 11,9 11,8 11,4 11,3, 8,9 8,7 8,5 8,5, 9,9 9,5 9,7 9,8 9,3 9,0 8,6 8,7 4,, 195

197 ...,..,, [5]. -,,,..,,..,.,,,..,, [6].,,,,,,. 196 ( ) « »,, (. 4.2).

198 ,,,,,,,. 4.2 ( [7]),, %, 60 %,. 197

199 ,..,...., (. 4.2).,. « », -,,,. 198

200 Основной, Основной Основной Основной Основной Основной ( [8]) (. 4.3). 199

201 ,, -,, 200

202 , - ( -,,.) ,,,,,

203 .,,. ( ,71, ,33 ) [3]...., [4]. 1,3,.. 9%, [9]., [10]. (. 4.4). : -,,,,,,...,,...,,,.., 202

204 ,,,, - -, (,, -..),,. ( ),,,,,.., 203

205 ,,,,,,.,,,,,.,,..,, ( 2 ) ( 2 ),,,,.,,,.,.,, [11]. 204

206 ,., ( ). ( ),, [23]. ( ).....,,,.,,., [12]...,..,..,., [13].,,,,,,, 205

207 ,.,.,.,,,, -,, [14, 15]....,, - -, - [16]. -, -, (. 4.3). -,,,., ( ). 206

208 [17].,., [18]. (. 4.4)., 207

209 ( ),.,.,.,,., (. 4.5).,,, 4 (product, place, price, promotion), (,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,. 208

210 I. II. III. IV. V

211 ,,,,,,. 4.5,, ( 4 ) 210,, ( 2, 2 ),,,,,, ( ),,, -,,,,,, ( ),

212 ,, /.,. ( ),,,..,,,.,,., (,, ). 25 % -,...,,,,,., 211

213 , : 1., ; 2. ; 3. - ; 4. ( ), ( ); 5..,, ; 6., ; 7. ; 8.,. 212,,,,,,,.,

214 , XXI,.,,,,.,, «- 2020» // -, 3.. : ? /.. // /..,.. // (9) : /.. // :?., :, : 0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%90%D0%9F%D 0%9A% pdf 8.. : : FAO Statictical Yearbook : 213

215 11... : /..,.... [.]..: -, /..,....: -, :,, /..,..,....: «-, /.. // /.. //, /..,..,.. // /..,..,.. ;......:, /... -.:, ,.. - // Economic aspects of district heating technologies development in a power market environment. 214

216 .,, -,,, -,.. The development of Russian and Western electric power grids is studied comparatively from the standpoint centralized power utilities based on cogeneration of heat and electric power. Main drivers for the development of national grids with cogeneration plant are identified. It is demonstrated that, despite engineering, cost and environmental factors overwhelmingly favoring cogeneration over other options for electricity generation and district heating, this type of power plant is poorly adjusted to market conditions. An analysis of operational issues faced by combined-cycle power plant in a powermarket environment is provided, and potential approaches for improving their competitiveness are identified..,,., ( ),. 215

217 ,.,,,, - -.,,, ,,,, XIX. 3%. -

218 ,.,. XX.., 1877, 1937, [1, 2, 3].,, (. ) 1900.,,, 1924,. - [4]. :, 30-,. -,., : [1, 2, 3, 4] - 217

219 , ; -,. ; -,.,,., ( )., - [4, 5, 6]: - -, ; -, 30%, ; -., ,, ; -., 218

220 . ( ), 1920.,,,,,,. [7]: «.,,,»..,,, -.,,, [5, 7].,, :, 1931,, 219

221 .,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,.,,,.,,,.,,,., [8, 9].., 220

222 ,,., -,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,,., 221

223 ,, XX (. 4.5),,,, (. 4.6, 4.7) [10]., 90-97%, 80-90%., (. 4.8) %, 26%., : - 1,6-2. 4,5 3,5 4 2,5 3 1,5 2 0,5 1 0 Э, / ,7 (. 4.9) [10]. 222

224 .,, (1).,,.,,,. 600, , ,

225 ,, [11]. D 0 = D m + D k (1) D 0 ; D m ; D k. 60, % К

226 ( ), / ,1 356, ,4 266, КЭ Э ( ) [12],,,., (2): э э э э Δ B = Э b b ) Э ( b b ) (2) э (.. Э,,, ; b э ; b ; Э. э, ( э, ); b.. 225

227 ,,,, -. -,,, 226 b э э, b.. [8, 11]: э 0,123 b = (3) η η tη oiη э 0,123, 1 ; η ; η t ; η oi ; η э. - η > η. oi oi,,,,, э э, η t > η t., b. > b. э э, b > b, : э b 0,123 = (4) η η η oi э

228 η oi,,. (2) (4),,.,,,.,, -,,,, -,.,,.,,,.,.,,.,,,,.,,,, 227

229 .,.,.,,. -,.,,,,.,,,,.,,.,, ,,,. : - 228

230 ( ).,,.,,. 1,5.,. (. ) 60% 95%, 25% [5]. -.,,.,,. -., 229

231 , : [9, 13] -, ( ) ( ); -, ; - ; -,.. ; -,..; -,,, (, ); - ; -.,.,,,, 230

232 ., (5): ВВ T = (5) Q, Q, [12].,, ( ).,,.,.,, ( ).,. 20%, [2, 3, 4, 6].,,,.,,,. 231

233 .,.,,.,,,. (5),,.,,, [8].,,. : - [11, 12] ,., 10-15, ( ),.,, 232

234 ,. -,. [12],.,,.,,,,.. -..,,.,,,.,.,,.. 233

235 ,,,.,,,.,,,,.,.,. [2, 3, 8, 11, 12]: -.,,.,. - c (exergy method).,

236 -.,, 1,. (6), (7): Э Э Q BT = (6) Э Э Q η B Э Э Э = B Σ B (7) Э T Э Э B T, B Э Э ; B Σ ; Э Q ; ; Э Q η [14].,,,,.,..,,.,. 50% Э 235

237 (. 4.10),,, (30% ), [11, 13]..,,,.,,,,.,,.,. 236

238 , % ,,,,. [15].,.,,,.,,,., (. 4.11).. 237

239 ,,,,.,.,,,,. 238

240 .,,,,,.,,,.,,.,, : ,,. 3.,.. 239

241 ,,,.,,. -, -.,., -.,, Hendriks C., Blok K. Regulation for Combined Heat and Power in the European Union. Energy Conversion and Management V pp Konova O., Komarov I., Lisin E. The Relevance of Power Generating Capacities Based on the Combined Cycle Power Plants of High Power. Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics V pp Lykova O., Lisin E., Kocherova A. Analysis of the Major Preconditions of Coal- Hybrid Power Plants Construction as a Perspective Direction of High Efficiency Heat- Power Engineering Development. Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics V pp C

242 , , : : ,.,.., (17) : ,..,....: ( ) N ,... : , « ». ( 14.U ) Approaches and methods of determination efficiency investment projects innovation-oriented., 241

243 ,. The paper considers the issues of transition to innovative economy, methods of assessing the impact and effectiveness of applied science, the notion of innovation project and formulas of economic evaluation at various stages of management ,, - ( ).,,. [1.25; 2.31]. -,,,,. -,

244 ,,,.,..,,. - ( ). -,,,.,.,.,, -,,,,. 243

245 244, -,.,.,,,,,.,,,,,,.,.. -.,,,,,.,,,,. : - (, ) - (, )

246 - (, ) - (, ) ,.. -, : -,,..; - ; - ; -.,,, -,,

247 / I ,, 4. +,,

248 10. +,, II. 1. 1) ) III. 1. -, 2. -,,,.. IV. V. 2) , - 5 1). ( - ) 6 2) «Э..» «Э.»

249 ,,.,. -. -,,,.. 7, «-»., : Эr = ( 1 2 ) + ( К1 К 2 ) А S (1), : - ; 1, 2 - ( ) ; K l, 2 -,,./ ;

250 S - ; -.,,, ( ),..,. : 1 1 В ( К2 К1) Э + = А2 (2), В : , ( + ).; 8,., [ ]. 249

251 В В ; ( ),, ; ; ( ).,, ; - (0,15); ( К 2 К1) - 2 +,,.; 1 - К2 К1 ( ) ( ),,.; ( ),, ; 250

252 2 -,., (2),,.,,..,.,,,.,,,,.,., 7-12.,., 15 21,, ,

253 4,6.,,,..,,.. (2) : = (3), ,.,..,

254 ,. (2) 2 / / 1 = 2, -3140,.,,,...,,.,,,.,., (2) (3).,,. : = А Ф (4), 253

255 : -, -,... -,,,. -,,. -,,. -,,. -,,,,.,... ( - )

256 4.7, ( ) - 0-0,3 0,4-0,6 0,7-0,9 1,0-1,1 1,2-1,3 1,4-1,6 1,7-2, ,0 % 22,1 10,6 23,0 23,3 8,0 5,3 1,8 0,9 -,.,.. : ) ; ) ; ),. 255

257 ,.,.. «,,.,, ( ).,, :,» 9 [4.29]. 10 [5.115]..,,, -.., - 9,, -...,. 10, ( ).,..,. 256

258 :,,.,,., (, ),.. -. : ( ),.,, -.,,,.,,,.,,, 257

259 .,,,. -.,,,,,,...,, : «,, -, - :, ;,».,,,,. -,., ( ), -., 258

260 .,,,. - ( ). -.,,.,, -. :.,,,.,,,.,,, : 1), ; 2),., 259

261 .,,.,, ( ),,,.,,,. -.,,..,.. : «,».,,.,,.. «-», 260

262 .,,.,,,., 11,,,.,.,,, ( ).,,,,, ,, К,. 12 : «,,, 261

263 , ( ), -,,. -, ,,.,. -,,..,.,».,,,,. 262

264 ,. : 1) ; 2)..,,,..,.,..,,.,., 13, 13.,.,..,,. 263

265 .., 14, ( ). I. - max; P 0; II. - max; P max; III. - min; P max; IV. - max; P min; V. - min; P min.4.12 (3) ( ).,,., 14.,. Э,.,,, -,..,,. 264

266 ,,, - : V В = (5), : -,.; V -,.;.,, : В V = К К (6), : -, ; -.,..,,..,,.,,.,.,,,,.,,, 2. ( 265

267 ), ( )., ( ), ( 3 min),, ( max).., «,, 50,».,, : ) ; ) ; ). 70-.,, - -,,.,,, Hudson Institute,, " ",, "The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years", 2000., 100, 20,,,,, 266

268 ,.,, -,,,, Megadeath...,,,., 2000,,,,.,,,..3,, 1502, ,2 7 : 3176, ,0.., 2200, (2519,6..) 13 : 5384, ,

269 , % d d ,8 4287,2 23, ,1 350,0 37, ,6 3473,3 50, ,7 3176,0 47, ,0 502,8 60, ,2 7588,0 19, ,6 5384,6 40, ,6 3251,0 77, ,2 1804,0 33, ,0 300,0 14, ,9 200,0 134, ,5 848,2 88, ,5 2033,0 27, ,0 1969,0 18, ,.,,.. ( d) (d 2 ). : d i n 2 6 d i i= ρ = 1 = 1 0,85 (7), 3 n n : ; 2 1 6

270 n., 0,85,,., :,,, К. ( К ,,. : «.» This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, 2009, [6. 124].,., Э. -. -,,.,,. -,..,.,,.,.,,. : -,,., -..,..,,, -, 269

271 .,, ( ). 270 : 16 - (, ) (, ).,,. -,,, -...,,,.,.,..,. 16 К..

272 ( ),,, 17.,,, : - - ( ); - ( ); - ( ). ( - - ) -, 17 а ч а а а. Э,,,. К,, ,,, EVCA,, - European private and venture capital association.,, IPO.,. Э. ( ) ( ). 271

273 ,..,.,. - - ( - ). -, :,,,.,. ( ),.,,. ( ) -. - [7.154]., - ( ), - ( ),., ( ), 272

274 ( )., «-», - : Э = Э + Э + Э + / и (8), : / - (, ); - ; - ; - ; -.,, ( ), :,.,.,. -,, Э 273

275 .,.,,.,,..,., : -,, - ; -,,, ; -, ; -, 274

276 ..,, , : i = i n K i=1 T i B K i T 100 B i (9), : yi - %; 3 i - i- ( ); K B i ,

277 ., 85-87%, 45-50%, %. ( )..,.,... -, -..,,,,,,, -. -.,,. -, - 276

278 ,, : Э = Э + Э + Э (10), -, -. -, «-», ( j) : Э = Э + Э (11), и j j j : j - ; j - ;,,,., : -. ( ).,,. -, - 277

279 30-50%, -,,,,. - 15%., -,., - 40%,.,..,,,,,,.,,,,, 30-50%., 278

280 ,,., 30-50%,,,.,....,.,.,,, - -.,,.,, -..,..,. -,,. 279

281 ,.. -,.,,..,,,,.,,,,. -,.,., -.,, «-»,,.,. «-»., «-», 280

282 ,.,,,.,,,, -, ( ),.,,, ( ).,,. ( ),,,. Э = ( ) А = + К + К А (12), [( ) ( )] : - ; - ( ), ; - ( ) ; - ( ) ; 281

283 -,.; -.,., -, ; -.,,,.... ;., -,,,. - -,,,,,., - 282

284 ,...,,,,.,,,.,,,,,.,,.,.,, -,, ( ).,..,,. ( ) ( ). ( ), 283

285 . ё : и = К + Э (13), : - ; -,.,.,. -. -,.,,,. ( ),, : I = Э ( I Э ) (14), 1 2 : - ( ) ( ); 1 - ; ; - 284

286 ( ) ; -.,, ( ), (, )., : Seed () - ; Start-up ( ) - ; Early stage, infant/young firm ( ) - ; Expansion ( ) -,,.,.,,. ( ) - ( ). -., 285

287 , [8; 9; 10]..,.,, - (,..).,.,,,,,..,,,.. - ( ), -.. -,,, ( )

288 ,,. ( - ), -,.,. [ ]., : : Δ В = + (15), В 1 В 0 1, 0 -. ( ): Δ = + (16), 1 0 1, 0 -., :, ( ): Δ = (17), 1 0 1,

289 288 ( ) : Δ = (18), 1 0 1, 0 -,,. : - ; -, : -, ; -, - ; -,..,.,..,.,,.,

290 , : /....,....:, : : ( ) //,, :, ; (, ) :, , , ,. «.». " " , , ,..,.. :...: -, // ,..:, -, : ,.-.: -, ,..,.. // (79)

291 , - ( -2014) ( - ) - (, - ) - ( ), - ( -2014)., (,,, )., -,..,..,.,

292 ..,.. Kuznetsov S.V., Shmatko A.D. Analysis of the cluster approach to the organization of interaction of subjects of national innovation system,,,. CLUSTER, INNOVATION, INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, CLUSTER MANAGEMENT.. Shamin L.K.. Methodological principles of strategic,,, CLUSTER, INDUSTRY, INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT..,.. - Vertakova Y.V., Polozhentseva Y.S. Klasterooriyentirovannaya policy of development of economic space of regions of Russia,,, CLUSTER POLICY, SPATIAL POLARIZATION, INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENT ACTIVITY..,.. Nekhorosheva L.N., Gorayeva T.Y The genesis and current state of high-technology economy sector identification problem,,,,,. 291

293 THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR, HIGH TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS, HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS, KNOWLEDGE- INTENSIVE, INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT..,... Zhulego V.G., Balyakin A.A. The modeling of the development of high-tech innovation clusters.,,. HIGH-TECH INNOVATION CLUSTER, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, "EKOPODOBNY" CLUSTER..,..,.. Novikov A. O., Babkin A.V., Kudryavtseva T.Yu. Valuation models are functioning an industrial cluster,,,,,. INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER, ASSESSMENT TOOLS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL, IDENTIFICATION, COMPETITIVENESS.. - Kudryavtseva T.Yu. The analysis of the sectoral structure and dynamics of the cluster Instrumentation St. Petersburg,,,, - CLUSTER, CLUSTER STRUCTURE, INSTRUMENTATION, GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION, THE ECONOMY OF ST. PETERSBURG.. 292

294 Babkin A.V. The integrated industrial structures in the Russian economy,,,,, INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC ENTITIES, THE INTEGRATED STRUCTURES, THE INTEGRATED INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES, THE PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONING, CLASSIFICATION..,..,.. Babkin A.V., Moshkov A.A., Novikov A. O. Management innovation potential of an integrated of industrial structure,,, -,, THE INTEGRATED INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE, INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL, MANAGEMENT, THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM, ASSESSMENT, MODELING..,.. Aletdinova A.A., Kurcheeva G.I. The factors of innovative development of agro-industrial complex of russia,,,,, AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX, SITUATION ANALYSIS, STRATEGY, FACTORS, INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT, INNOVATION PROMOTION..,..,.. Lisin E.M., Rogalev A.N., Kurdiukova G.N. Economic aspects of district heating technologies development in a power market environment 293